Maximizing Returns: Portfolio Diversification in Music Investment Funds

0

Music investment funds have become an increasingly popular alternative asset class for investors seeking returns outside of traditional investments such as stocks and bonds. These funds provide a unique opportunity to invest in the music industry, which historically has been difficult for individual investors due to its complex and unpredictable nature.

One example of a successful music investment fund is the Hipgnosis Songs Fund Limited (HSFL), founded by Merck Mercuriadis in 2018. HSFL raised over £200 million in its initial public offering and has since acquired catalogs from high-profile artists such as Taylor Swift, Shakira, and Neil Young. The success of HSFL highlights the potential for strong returns in this sector, but also underscores the importance of portfolio diversification to mitigate risk.

In this article, we will explore the concept of portfolio diversification within music investment funds and how it can be utilized to maximize returns while minimizing risk. We will discuss various strategies for diversifying a music investment portfolio including investing across different genres, acquiring catalogs with varying levels of revenue streams, and partnering with established managers who have experience navigating the complexities of the industry. Through these strategies, investors can build a diversified portfolio that not only provides attractive returns but also helps safeguard against fluctuations in the market.

Understanding Revenue Streams in the Music Industry

The music industry has traditionally been a profitable investment option for those seeking to diversify their portfolios. However, the complex and ever-evolving nature of this market can make it challenging for investors to maximize returns. In recent years, new revenue streams have emerged in the form of digital sales, streaming services, and licensing deals that offer potential high returns on investments.

For example, consider the case of Universal Music Group’s acquisition of EMI Music Publishing in 2012 for $1.9 billion. The deal gave Universal control over more than two million songs from artists such as Beyonce and Queen, ensuring a steady stream of royalties for years to come. This kind of large-scale acquisition represents one strategy for maximizing returns in the music industry.

However, it is important to note that there are many other ways to invest in music beyond acquisitions like these. To understand how best to approach investing in this industry, it is essential first to understand the various revenue streams available:

  • Physical sales: CDs, vinyl records, and other physical formats remain popular among collectors and audiophiles.
  • Digital downloads: Purchasing individual tracks or albums online via platforms like iTunes or Amazon.
  • Streaming services: Services like Spotify and Apple Music allow users to access vast libraries of music for a monthly subscription fee.
  • Licensing deals: Businesses license music for use in advertisements, TV shows, movies, video games, and other media forms.

As shown in Table 1 below,, each revenue stream comes with its unique challenges and opportunities regarding profitability.

Revenue Stream Challenges Opportunities Profitability
Physical Sales Declining popularity due to digitalization; production costs may be expensive depending on format Can appeal to collectors; artist merchandise bundles can drive sales; limited editions can increase value over time Medium-high
Digital Downloads Competition from streaming services; consumers often opt to purchase single tracks rather than full albums Generally lower production costs; can be marketed directly to fans through social media and email marketing campaigns Low
Streaming Services Heavy competition from other platforms; low payout for artists compared to physical sales or licensing deals Ability to reach a vast audience worldwide; listeners tend to explore new genres, leading to discovery opportunities for lesser-known artists Low-medium
Licensing Deals Negotiation can be complex and time-consuming; smaller businesses may not have the budget for high-value licenses High revenue potential in industries like film and television; royalties are paid every time the licensed music is used High

Understanding these revenue streams’ nuances is crucial when investing in this industry. Investors must consider various factors such as market trends, target audiences, and artist popularity before deciding where to allocate their funds.

In conclusion, understanding how each revenue stream operates within the music industry allows investors to make informed decisions about which investments will maximize returns.

The Importance of Diversifying Your Investments

Understanding how revenue streams work in the music industry is crucial to making informed investment decisions. However, having multiple investments in one area of the industry can be risky, and diversification is key to maximizing returns. For example, let’s say an investor has invested solely in a record label that specializes in hip hop music. While this may seem like a sound investment at first, if the hip hop genre experiences a decline in popularity or sales, then the investor risks losing all their capital.

To avoid this risk, investors should consider diversifying their portfolio across various sectors of the music industry. Here are some reasons why portfolio diversification is important:

  • Minimizes risk: By spreading investments across different areas such as publishing, live events, streaming platforms and labels you reduce your exposure to market fluctuations.
  • Maximizes opportunity for growth: Diversification also means taking advantage of opportunities present within each sub-sector.
  • Helps manage cash flow: With varying royalty collection periods from different sources (e.g., quarterly vs monthly), diversified portfolios provide more balanced payout schedules allowing better management of inflows and outflows
  • Encourages long-term thinking: Music royalties are often paid over several years; therefore investing across many sub-sectors encourages long-term thinking which helps balance short term gains with longer term security

Investing in diverse projects does not necessarily mean allocating equal amounts into every sector. Investors need to conduct rigorous research on popular genres and upcoming artists/bands before deciding how much money they want to allocate towards them. In addition, investors must keep track of trends that affect each sub-sector’s performance.

To illustrate further we have compiled a table showing hypothetical return rates for three potential investments across four different timeframes ranging from 1 year up until 5 years.

Sub-Sector Return Rate – Year 1 Return Rate – Year 2 Return Rate – Year 3 Return Rate – Year 4
Publishing 5% 6% 7% 8.5%
Live Events 3% 4% 6% 9.5%
Streaming 4.5% 10.0% -2.0 %

The table shows that there are differing growth rates within each sub-sector, and over time some may perform better than others.

In conclusion, diversification is key to maximizing returns when investing in the music industry as it minimizes risk whilst providing maximum opportunity for profit growth over time. In the next section we will explore another important area of revenue streams in the music industry which is revenue from the use of music in TV, film and commercials.

Revenue from the Use of Music in TV, Film, and Commercials

Having discussed the importance of diversifying investments, let us now examine how music investment funds can generate revenue through the use of music in TV, film, and commercials. For example, a hypothetical scenario involves an up-and-coming indie band whose song is featured in a popular Netflix series. The exposure leads to increased sales and streams, making the band more valuable as an investment.

To further illustrate this point, here are some ways that music can be monetized through media placements:

  • Sync licensing: This involves placing songs in films, TV shows, video games, or advertisements.
  • Theme songs: A well-known theme song can become iconic and highly recognizable – think “The Pink Panther” or “Mission Impossible.”
  • Soundtracks: An original soundtrack for a movie or TV show can lead to significant sales if it becomes popular.
  • Commercials: Brands often feature catchy jingles or licensed tracks in their ads to create emotional connections with consumers.

According to , investing in music royalties has outperformed traditional asset classes such as stocks and bonds over time due to its low correlation with market trends. In fact, many institutional investors have started allocating capital towards alternative assets like music rights.

Additionally, here’s a table showcasing some notable sync deals from recent years:

Song Title Artist Film/TV Show
Can’t Stop the Feeling Justin Timberlake Trolls (movie)
Don’t You (Forget About Me) Simple Minds The Breakfast Club (film)
Where Is My Mind? Pixies Fight Club (film)
I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston The Bodyguard (film)

As seen above, successful sync placements can result in massive exposure for artists and generate substantial returns for investors. Furthermore, streaming platforms like Spotify and Apple Music are now incorporating podcasts, live events, and merchandise sales to their offerings – creating additional revenue streams for music investment funds.

In summary, diversifying investments in music royalty assets can lead to substantial returns through media placements. The use of sync licensing, theme songs, soundtracks, and commercials is a proven strategy that has generated significant income for both artists and investors alike. As we move forward into the digital age, it is essential for investment firms to explore new avenues of monetization within the music industry.

This leads us to our next topic: Monetizing Merchandise and Brand Partnerships…

Monetizing Merchandise and Brand Partnerships

As mentioned in the previous section, music investment funds can generate revenue from the use of music in TV, film, and commercials. Another significant source of income for these funds is through monetizing merchandise and brand partnerships.

For instance, suppose a music investment fund has invested in an emerging artist who has recently gained popularity. The fund can leverage this newfound fame to create various merchandise items such as t-shirts, hats, or even limited edition vinyl records. By selling these products online or at concerts, the fund can earn additional income while strengthening the artist’s brand image.

In addition to merchandise sales, brand partnerships are another lucrative option for generating revenue. For example, if the same emerging artist attracts attention from a particular fashion label or beverage company seeking to advertise their product using the musician’s persona or likeness, then a partnership deal could be struck between both parties. Such deals not only provide substantial financial backing but also increase exposure for the artist.

However, it is crucial that investment funds carefully consider potential partners’ values and reputations before signing any agreements. In recent years consumers have become increasingly aware of brands supporting social causes they believe in and may hold musicians accountable if there is a perceived misalignment with their beliefs.

To successfully monetize merchandise and establish meaningful brand partnerships, some key considerations include:

  • Understanding target audience demographics
  • Identifying unique value propositions offered by both artists and brands
  • Conducting due diligence on potential partners’ reputation
  • Maintaining transparency throughout all stages of negotiation

A hypothetical table showcasing different types of merchandise that music investment funds might sell includes:

Merchandise Type Description Price
T-Shirt Cotton shirt featuring album artwork $25
Vinyl Record Limited edition pressing signed by the artist $50
Hat Embroidered baseball cap with artist’s logo $20
Hoodie Comfortable pullover sweatshirt featuring tour dates $35

By diversifying revenue streams through merchandise sales and brand partnerships, music investment funds can maximize returns while supporting the growth of emerging artists.

Maximizing Returns with Publishing Rights

Merchandise and brand partnerships are not the only ways for music investment funds to make money. Another way is through publishing rights. However, investing in one area of the music industry can be risky because it heavily relies on the success of individual artists or songs. Therefore, portfolio diversification is crucial for maximizing returns.

For example, a hypothetical scenario could be an investment fund that has invested solely in Beyoncé’s publishing rights. While she is undoubtedly talented and successful, if her next album flops or she decides to take a break from music, the fund would suffer significant losses.

To mitigate these risks, here are some strategies for portfolio diversification:

  • Invest in multiple genres: Investing in different genres spreads out risk as each genre appeals to different audiences. For instance, while hip-hop may appeal more to younger generations, rock may have a broader audience.
  • Consider international markets: The United States is not the only country with a thriving music industry; there are many untapped markets worldwide. Investing in international artists or their publishing rights can open up new revenue streams.
  • Focus on emerging talent: Established artists often come with higher price tags for their publishing rights but investing in rising stars can lead to substantial profits as well.
  • Look beyond mainstream media platforms: Streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music may dominate the market share but smaller streaming platforms such as Bandcamp cater to niche audiences who appreciate independent music.

One real-life example of a diversified music investment portfolio is Round Hill Music Royalty Fund Limited (RHM). Founded in 2012, RHM invests in various types of musical intellectual property including songwriters’ catalogs and master recordings across all genres. In 2020 alone, RHM acquired over $400 million worth of assets spanning six decades of popular music history.

A diversified approach to investments ensures flexibility and adaptability when changes occur within any particular sector of the industry . Below is a table showing the benefits of diversification in music investment portfolios:

Benefit Explanation Example
Risk Management Spreading investments across multiple genres, artists, and markets reduces exposure to any one artist or genre. Investing in both pop and country music publishing rights.
Increased Potential for Returns By investing in multiple areas, investors increase their chances of hitting on successful deals that can lead to substantial profits. Investing in emerging talent who may have lower upfront costs but higher potential returns.
Access to Niche Markets Diversifying into international markets or smaller platforms like Bandcamp provides access to untapped audiences. Investing in K-Pop songwriters’ catalogs when the market was still underdeveloped outside of Korea.
Flexibility for Industry Changes A diversified approach ensures flexibility and adaptability when changes occur within any particular sector of the industry. Investing in both streaming royalties as well as physical record sales royalties

In summary, portfolio diversification is essential for maximizing returns from music investment funds. Strategies such as investing in different genres, international markets, rising stars, and niche platforms can mitigate risks while increasing potentials for profit. RHM’s success shows how diversification can lead to significant gains regardless of shifts within the industry .

Transitioning into the next section about “The Role of Record Sales in Today’s Market,” it is crucial to note that even with advances in technology and streaming services dominating today’s music industry, record sales remain an important revenue stream for many artists and investment funds alike.

The Role of Record Sales in Today’s Market

Building on the importance of publishing rights, it’s essential to examine another key factor in maximizing returns for music investment funds: record sales. One example that illustrates this point is Taylor Swift’s album “Folklore,” which sold over two million copies worldwide in its first week and received critical acclaim. This success not only generated significant revenue for Swift but also benefited her investors.

To understand the role of record sales in today’s market, let’s consider the following bullet points:

  • Record sales remain a crucial source of income for artists and their investors.
  • Streaming services have changed the way people consume music, making it easier than ever to access new releases.
  • However, streaming payouts are significantly lower than traditional album sales, meaning that an artist needs millions of streams to achieve comparable profits.
  • Despite this shift towards streaming, vinyl record sales have increased substantially in recent years as consumers seek out physical media.

The table below provides further context by comparing revenue per stream versus album sale:

Metric Revenue Per Stream Album Sale
Average Revenue $0.003-$0.0084 $7.99-$14.99
Number Required to Earn Minimum Wage* 1.2M – 3.5M streams/year 536 – 1,563 albums/year

*Based on US minimum wage laws

As you can see from the table above, an artist would need between 1.2 million and 3.5 million streams each year just to earn minimum wage through streaming royalties alone. In contrast, selling between 536 and 1563 albums would generate equivalent profits.

Moreover, live performances can drive album sales by increasing exposure and creating buzz around an artist or band; concerts provide fans with opportunities to connect with musicians personally while also promoting upcoming releases or merchandise offerings.

In conclusion, while streaming has undoubtedly changed the music industry landscape, record sales remain essential to generating returns for investors in music funds. Physical media like vinyl and live performances can complement streaming royalties by driving album sales and increasing an artist’s visibility. The next section will examine how live performance revenue impacts your investment.

How Live Performance Revenue Impacts Your Investment

Continuing on with the topic of revenue streams in music investment, it is important to consider live performance as a significant source of income for musicians and its impact on your investment. For example, imagine investing in a band that has had moderate success with album sales but has a dedicated fanbase who consistently attend their shows.

Live performances can generate substantial income through ticket sales, merchandise purchases, and sponsorships. In fact, according to , the global live music industry was valued at $25 billion in 2019. This highlights the importance of considering an artist’s potential for successful live performances when making investment decisions.

It is also worth noting that an artist’s ability to perform well live can have a positive impact on record sales and overall popularity. A memorable or impressive live show may lead to increased streaming numbers and social media buzz which could result in more album purchases and broader exposure.

Investors should also consider factors such as the artist’s touring history, reputation among fans and industry professionals, and upcoming tour dates before deciding whether or not to invest. It may be wise to invest in artists who have already established themselves as strong performers or those who are beginning to gain traction within the industry.

To further illustrate the financial impact of live performance revenue, here are some key points:

  • Live performances account for over half of all musician earnings.
  • Average concert ticket prices rose by 7% between 2016 and 2019.
  • Streaming services like Spotify have been known to use data from popular tours and concerts to influence editorial playlists.
  • Sponsorship deals with brands can provide additional income for artists during tours.

The following table breaks down the percentage of total musician earnings attributed to different sources:

Revenue Source Percentage
Live Performances 56%
Record Sales 21%
Publishing & Licensing 8%
Merchandise Sales 7%

In summary, live performance revenue is a crucial aspect to consider when investing in music. It can have a significant impact on an artist’s overall success and financial stability. By analyzing an artist’s past performances, reputation, and upcoming tour dates, investors can make informed decisions about where to allocate their funds.

Moving forward, the next section will explore the pros and cons of investing in established artists versus up-and-comers within the industry.

The Pros and Cons of Investing in Established Artists vs. Up-and-Comers

Live performance revenue can significantly impact music investment funds. However, it is not the only factor that investors should consider when diversifying their portfolio. Another crucial aspect to consider is whether to invest in established artists or up-and-comers.

For instance, imagine a hypothetical scenario where an investor has $1 million to allocate towards music investments. They have two options: investing all of it in one established artist with a proven track record of success or spreading it out among ten up-and-coming artists with potential but no significant commercial success yet.

Investing in Established Artists:
While investing in established artists may seem like a safer bet due to their existing fan base and revenue streams, there are also downsides to consider:

  • Limited room for growth – established artists’ sales tend to plateau after reaching peak popularity.
  • Higher initial investment costs – these musicians often require substantial upfront fees and royalties.
  • Risk of decline – as they age, some established musicians may lose relevance or experience declining sales.

On the other hand, investing in up-and-comers offers several advantages:

Investing in Up-and-Comers:

  • Lower initial investment costs
  • Greater potential for exponential growth if the artist becomes successful
  • Possibility of discovering the next big thing before others do

However, investing in new talent also comes with its own risks:

  • Uncertainty about future success
  • No guarantee of any return on investment

To help investors decide which option makes more sense for them, we’ve created a table comparing the pros and cons of each approach based on industry data and expert analysis.

Investing in Established Artists Investing in Up-and-Comers
Pros Existing fanbase Potential for exponential growth
Proven track record Lower initial investment cost
Predictable earnings Opportunity to discover new talent
Cons Limited room for growth Uncertainty about future success
Higher initial investment costs No guarantee of ROI
Risk of decline

Ultimately, the decision to invest in established artists or up-and-comers depends on an investor’s risk tolerance and long-term goals. While investing in well-known musicians can offer more immediate returns, investing in new talent has the potential for greater profits down the line.

In conclusion, diversifying a music investment portfolio involves considering multiple factors beyond just live performance revenue. By weighing the pros and cons of both established artists and up-and-comers, investors can make informed decisions that align with their financial objectives. Next, we will explore how leveraging technology can increase revenue streams for these investments without increasing risk significantly.

Leveraging Technology for Increased Revenue Streams

Having explored the advantages and disadvantages of investing in established artists versus up-and-comers, it is clear that diversifying a music investment portfolio can maximize returns. A prime example of this is the case study of XYZ Music Investment Fund.

XYZ Music Investment Fund invested heavily in established artists like Adele and Taylor Swift, but also allocated a portion of their funds towards emerging talents such as Billie Eilish and Lizzo. By doing so, they were able to mitigate risk while still profiting from the success of both established and up-and-coming artists.

Investing in diverse genres within the music industry can also provide benefits beyond financial gain. Here are some examples:

  • Investing in underrepresented communities within the music industry promotes diversity and inclusivity.
  • Supporting independent labels and artists helps create a more equitable distribution of revenue streams.
  • Funding research on new technologies for music production supports innovation.
  • Contributing to charitable causes through musical events or donations reflects positively on an investor’s reputation.

Additionally, leveraging technology has become increasingly important for generating revenue streams in today’s digital age. For instance, streaming platforms have revolutionized how people consume music by providing access to millions of songs at affordable prices. The table below shows the top five most-streamed songs worldwide according to Spotify:

Rank Song Artist
1 Shape Of You Ed Sheeran
2 One Dance (feat. WizKid) Drake
3 Rockstar (feat. 21 Savage) Post Malone
4 Closer The Chainsmokers
5 Blinding Lights The Weeknd

As seen above, three out of five songs are by relatively newer artists with one being an electronic duo rather than traditional pop stars; thus highlighting the importance of exploring and investing in various genres.

Incorporating alternative revenue streams like sync licensing and sampling can also provide additional income for music investors. For instance, placing a song in a movie or TV show generates royalties for both the artist and investor. Similarly, sampling an existing piece of music can lead to commercial success while providing credit and compensation to the original creator.

With all these factors considered, it is clear that diversifying one’s portfolio by investing in established artists as well as emerging talents across diverse genres while leveraging technology and incorporating alternative revenue streams can maximize returns on investment within the music industry. The next section will delve further into alternative revenue streams: Sync Licensing and Sampling.

Alternative Revenue Streams: Sync Licensing and Sampling

Leveraging Technology for Increased Revenue Streams has allowed music investment funds to generate more income through innovative methods. One example is the use of blockchain technology, which allows investors to purchase shares in songs or an artist’s entire catalog. This provides a new revenue stream as opposed to just relying on traditional streaming services.

Investment funds can also diversify their portfolios by investing in multiple genres and artists. By doing this, they reduce risk and increase potential returns. For instance, if one artist doesn’t perform well, other successful investments can offset the loss.

One crucial factor in portfolio diversification is understanding your audience’s preferences. Using data analysis tools like OpenAI_Response_AutoKW software helps identify emerging trends and predict future demand for specific genres and artists accurately.

Moreover, music investment funds have started using social media platforms to promote their investments actively. Social media platforms provide a cost-effective way to reach potential investors worldwide quickly. Additionally, some investment firms offer unique experiences such as backstage concert tickets or meet-and-greets with popular artists, attracting more investors.

To understand better how these innovative techniques are impacting music investment funds positively, we present the following table:

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Neutral Impacts Emotional Response
Portfolio Inexperience Regulatory Excitement
Diversification Risk Technological Trust
Emerging Trends Legal Confidence
Global Reach

As shown above, leveraging technology leads to excitement around increased revenue streams while reducing risks through portfolio diversification increases trust among investors. However, regulatory issues remain a concern that needs addressing.

Alternative Revenue Streams: Sync Licensing and Sampling will be discussed next, highlighting additional ways that music investment funds maximize returns through non-traditional means.

The Impact of Globalization on Music Investment

Having explored the potential of alternative revenue streams in music investment, it is important to consider how portfolio diversification can maximize returns. One example that illustrates this concept is the case of a music investment fund that primarily invested in hip-hop artists. Despite initial success, when one of their major investments faced legal issues and was unable to release new music for an extended period of time, the fund suffered significant losses. This highlights the risks associated with investing solely in one genre or artist.

To mitigate such risks, investors should consider diversifying their portfolios across various genres and markets. A diversified portfolio allows for a balance between high-risk/high-reward and low-risk/low-reward investments. It also increases exposure to different revenue streams, such as live performances and merchandise sales, thus reducing reliance on any single source of income.

Investors may also benefit from considering non-musical factors when building their portfolios. For instance, they could invest in companies that provide technology services to the music industry or those involved in music festivals and events.

Diversification must be approached strategically; simply spreading investments thinly across multiple assets does not necessarily guarantee positive returns. Instead, investors should conduct thorough research into each potential investment opportunity before making decisions based on data-driven analysis rather than emotions or personal preference.

Ultimately, portfolio diversification serves as a means of managing risk while maximizing returns through exposure to varied opportunities within the market. As such, it is essential for investors seeking long-term success in music investment.

Investing in music involves more than just passion for artistry; it requires careful consideration and strategic planning to create a successful portfolio that generates substantial returns over time.


Ways Diversification Can Benefit Your Portfolio

Investors stand to gain several benefits from diversifying their portfolios:

  • Mitigating risks
  • Increasing exposure to different revenue streams
  • Balancing high-risk/high-reward and low-risk/low-reward investments
  • Reducing reliance on any single source of income

Examples of Non-Musical Investments in Music-Related Companies

Company Industry Reason for Investment
Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. Events and ticketing services Diversification across different revenue streams
Universal Music Group Music distribution and publishing Access to a variety of artists and genres
Spotify Technology S.A. Streaming service provider Growth potential within the music industry

Moving forward, investors must employ strategic approaches when building their portfolios to maximize returns while minimizing risks. The following section will explore some strategies for successfully investing in music that can help achieve these goals.

Strategies for Building a Successful Music Investment Portfolio

The Impact of Globalization on Music Investment has made it clear that investors must diversify their portfolios to maximize returns. In this section, Strategies for Building a Successful Music Investment Portfolio will be discussed with the aid of .

Firstly, investors should consider investing in different types of music assets such as royalties, copyrights, and publishing rights. For instance, an investor could purchase a share in a fund that invests in multiple music assets. Such funds typically have a diversified portfolio of music assets ranging from popular songs to classical pieces.

Secondly, investors should also pay attention to the geographical location of the music asset they want to invest in. By doing so, they can ensure that their investment is not limited to one particular region but rather spread across different regions globally. This approach reduces risks and increases opportunities for profits.

Thirdly, it is crucial to keep track of emerging artists or genres that are gaining popularity worldwide. Investing early in these trends could be very profitable as history has shown us how quickly new artists can rise to fame within days or weeks.

Fourthly, investors should look out for reputable management companies who manage musical talents since such companies often have access to exclusive deals and contracts which could yield higher returns over time.

Investing in the music industry comes with inherent risks; however, careful planning and diversification can minimize potential losses while increasing gains. The table below summarizes some of the benefits of diversifying your portfolio when investing in music:

Benefits Description
Risk Reduction Diversification helps mitigate risk by spreading investments
Increased Earnings A diversified portfolio minimizes loss
Flexibility Different types of investments offer flexibility

In conclusion, building a successful music investment portfolio requires active research into emerging markets and artist trends alongside strategic decision making regarding asset type diversity and geographic distribution. It may take time, effort and patience to maximize returns; however, with the right approach, investors can achieve their investment goals in the music industry.

Share.

About Author

Comments are closed.